Relationship of Risk & Return

"Stocks are risky. Bank deposits are safe. Don't buy stocks! Keep your money safe." Haven't you heard such statements before? We are sure you have.




But before you decide to accept these statements on their face value, we suggest you understand the real relationship between risk and returns. To start with have a look at the average historical returns given by these 2 assets, i.e. stocks and bank deposits:

One glance at the table above and it becomes clear - which is the better asset to invest in,given the historical average returns. Another thing to note here is that returns given by bank deposits will be further reduced when we consider taxes.This makes stocks all the more better option for long-term investing.
But unfortunately, stocks don’t go up in straight lines. Stocks are volatile and can move up or down sharply. This is unlike bank deposits, which are almost guaranteed to give fixed returns promised at the time of booking the deposits. But before you draw a negative conclusion about stocks, it is important to understand that its the very nature of stocks (as an asset class), which makes it a volatile asset class for the short term. But when you increase the period under review, its found that stocks (and equity mutual funds) give much higher average returns than what is given by bank deposits, or for that matter, any other asset class.
Just have a look at the table below (which builds on the previous table):

Stocks are clear winner.
But nothing comes for free in this world. Same is the case with high returns of stocks. These come at a cost -higher volatility in the short-term.
Or looked at from another perspective, an investor in stocks needs to be compensated for taking higher risks. This is achieved by means of higher returns that stocks provide.
Understanding this relationship between risk and return is very important and can help an investor make correct financial decisions, based on their risk appetite and return requirements.
What is Risk?
A very formal definition of risk is the likelihood that actual returns will be less than historical and expected returns.
But to put it very simply, risk is the possibility of losing your money that is invested as principal. For example – You invest Rs 20,000 in stocks today. Next day, the markets go down and reduce the value of your investments to Rs 18,000. That is the primary risk when you invest in stocks.
But stocks are not the only assets that have risk. All investments have their own share of risks. The risks however vary in type and degree.
So even when you keep you money in bank deposits offering 5.5% returns (after-tax), there is another kind of risk that you are taking – inflation risk. Your investment might not keep pace with inflation, which will reduce your purchasing power in future.
Risk can come from many other factors too. Like volatility in stock markets, inflation, changes in currency exchange rates, changes in business dynamics, changes in economy, geo-political developments, etc.
But generally, the investments that are considered to carry higher risks have the potential to deliver higher returns. On the other hand, investments with lower expected returns (like bank deposits),carry lower risks.
What is Return?
This is quite simple. Returns are simply the amount you get (or lose) on the invested amount. It is generally calculated on an annual basis.
As mentioned earlier too, the asset, which gives higher returns, is generally expected to have higher levels of risk.
Risk – Return Relationship
There is a clear (if not linear) relationship between risk and returns.
Try finding an asset, where there is no risk. Chances are that you will end up with an asset giving very low returns. Again try finding an asset that offers very high returns. We are sure you would have chosen a very risky asset.

Now risk cannot be eliminated completely. At best, investors can manage the risk in their investments.
So when investing in shares, you can either have a concentrated portfolio of few stocks or a diversified portfolio of many stocks. The risk with holding a concentrated portfolio is that if value of even one company goes down, it will have a big impact on the overall portfolio returns.
Instead to reduce the risk, one can chose to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks. This way, a fall in share price of even few stocks will not have a large negative impact on the overall portfolio returns. This is the exact principle on which fund managers build mutual fund portfolios.
Another way to reduce risk is to diversify across assets and hold a portfolio of stocks, bonds, bank deposits, gold and other assets. What happens then is that bank deposits, bonds, gold, etc. will provide stability to the portfolio, albeit at the cost of lower returns. Stocks on other hand will provide higher long-term returns and improve overall portfolio returns.
Time also plays a big role in deciding the returns obtained by investors. It has been empirically found that when investing in good stocks, the longer your investment horizon is, lower are the associated risks and returns are comparatively better than other asset classes. Having a long investment period averages out the short-term volatility of returns.
Humans have a tendency to reduce risk that they take. You too can choose to invest only in safe assets like bank deposits or hold cash. But then, your investments will lose value over time (due to inflation). And you don’t want that.
Its better to assess your risk tolerance and choose investments intelligently. Taking on some risk is necessary to achieve adequate returns. So try and find the ideal balance for your investments, which gives you the best risk-adjusted returns for your investments.


↪ Disclaimer:
Before using this post, please make sure that you note the following important notice. Information provided in this post for the educational & informational purpose only. Visitors/Viewer/ followers are advised, before making any investment decision from this post, you should do independent research. The use of this post or information for your own benefit is at your own risk.

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Different Types Of Stocks

People invest in stocks to earn higher returns than what fixed income products offer. But all stocks are not same. Like the companies and businesses, the stocks of different companies also have different characteristics.
In general, companies issue stocks of two types – Preferred (have priority over other shareholders) & Common stocks. In line with its name, the common stocks are the first choice of retail investors. We will be focusing on common stocks in this article.
Let’s evaluate different stock classifications that are commonly used:

On basis of Market Capitalization
Stocks are often classified as large caps, mid caps, small caps and micro caps on basis of their total market capitalization (Current Share Price x Total Number of Shares). Though there are no exact cutoffs about what exactly is defined as a large cap and what isn’t, investors usually categorize companies under as follows:

• Large-cap: Market Cap > Rs 10,000 Crore (Cr)
• Mid-cap: Rs 2,000 Cr < Market Cap < Rs 10,000 Cr
• Small-cap: Rs 200 Cr < Market Cap < Rs 2,000 Cr
• Micro-cap: Below Rs 200 Cr

Also the concept of  Risk and Return  is applicable here too. Small companies are riskier than large ones. So due to the increased risk, many of the smaller companies tend to give higher returns than large or mid-cap companies. Of course, the proportion of small companies not doing well is also higher than those among their larger counterparts.
Many of the large cap stocks are of high quality, well-established companies with stable or growing earnings. The stocks of these companies are known as blue-chip stocks. The perceived risk associated with these companies is also very low. Examples - Many stocks that are part of Sensex or Nifty 50 index.

On basis of Growth / Value / Income
This classification of stocks depends on the nature of business, its profit distribution policy and general assessment of price vs. actual intrinsic value.

Growth Stocks
These are stocks of businesses, which are growing higher than average rate. This high growth is translated into higher profits, and is reflected in rise of company’s stock price. Because of this, these companies prefer to reinvest their earnings back into company operations in hope of generating more profits. This theoretically helps these companies grow at a faster rate. Consequently, these companies have low dividend payouts. Generally, the growth stocks are bought more for capital appreciation in stock prices and are riskier than other two varieties.

Value Stocks
These are stocks that according to some financial analysis ratios, are trading at prices that are less than their actual (intrinsic) values. Some of the popularly used ratios to assess reasonability of price against embedded value are:

• Low P/E ratio
• Low P/BV ratio
• Low Price-to-Sales ratio, etc.

Value stocks don’t remain good value picks forever. When other investors realize that stocks are under-priced, the prices tend to rise up and reward those early investors who bought at lower levels.

Income Stocks
These stocks distribute a comparatively higher percentage of their earnings as dividends to shareholders. This often gives them high dividend yields (dividend  in relation to their share price). At times, these are also referred to as high dividend-yield stocks. A higher dividend means higher income and hence, the name income stocks. Generally, these belong to companies that have stable businesses churning out reasonable assured amounts of profits.
These are some of the more commonly used approaches to classify stocks. But stocks can also be classified in many other ways like defensive stocks, high beta stocks, etc.


↪Disclaimer:
Before using this post, please make sure that you note the following important notice. Information provided in this post for the educational & informational purpose only. Visitors/Viewer/ followers are advised, before making any investment decision from this post, you should do independent research. The use of this post or information for your own benefit is at your own risk.

Read more »